πNapoleon's invasion of Russia was a massive undertaking, involving around 600,000 troops from France and allied states in Europe.
βοΈRussian resilience and the harsh winter climate proved challenging for Napoleon's army, leading to heavy casualties.
πΉCossacks, skilled horsemen, played a significant role and disrupted French supply lines.
πΊοΈNapoleon's plan to force the Russians into a decisive battle at Smolensk did not succeed, and the campaign exposed flaws in his strategy.
β°οΈThe difficult terrain and logistical challenges further weakened Napoleon's forces.